аккадский:itḳu 'fleece; lock of hair, wad or tuft of wool' MB on [CAD i 299], [AHw 404] (devoicing of *-d- in a direct contact with -ḳ?)
сирийский арамейский:ʕedḳǝtā, pl. ʕedḳē 'cincinnus, fimbria' [Brock 513] and ʕetḳē do. [ibid. 554]; cf. ʔītīḳā 'nervi quibus cor pendet' (compared [ibid. 55])
мандейский арамейский:ʕdḳa 'bunch or tuft (of hair)' [DM 342]
арабский:ʕad_ḳat-, ʕid_ḳat- 'marque, signe, p. ex., un morceau de laine de couleur qui l'on suspend au cou d'une bête pour la reconnaître' [BK 2 203]
NOTES:A phonetically very complicated case allowing for the following alternative interpretations: (1) AKK itḳu (with -t- < *d before ḳ) is cognate to SYR ʕedḳǝtā (ʕetḳē being a phonetic variant of ʕedḳē, with -t< *d before ḳ, as in AKK) and MND ʕdḳa, with ARB ʕa/id_ḳat- to be regarded as an unrelated (or a variant) root; (2) AKK itḳu is to be compared to SYR ʕetḳē to reconstruct AKK-ARM *ʕitḳ-, while SYR ʕedḳǝtā and MND ʕdḳa are to be compared to ARB ʕa/id_ḳat- to reconstruct a different (variant?) ARM-ARB root *ʕid_ḳ-at-; (3) SYR ʕedḳǝtā, MND ʕdḳa and ARB ʕa/id_ḳat- make ARM-ARB *ʕid_ḳ-at-, while AKK itḳu (with -t- < *d before ḳ) is an early loan from ARM.
[Holma 141]: AKK, SYR (the AKK is quoted as idḳu); [DM 342]: MND, SYR, ARB, AKK; [Brock 513]: SYR, AKK, ARB
In the phrase rišo ʕaḳbo saym 'er hat (alles) den Kopf gestellt' [J Mlah 165]; NASS ịḳbɔ 'heel' [Tser 0158]
мандейский арамейский:ʕaḳba [DM 356]
арабский:ʕaḳib-, ʕaḳb- [BK 2 308-309]
тигре:ʕǝḳǝb 'foot, leg' [LH 468]
харари:(?) ḳūb [LHar 121]
NOTES:Note that HAR ḳūb 'heel' [LHar 121] is considered by Leslau an Arabism (<*ʔaḳub <*ʕaḳub); Leslau gives no other ETH examples, probably considering their absence an argument for the Arabic origin of the HAR word. See, however, TGR, which is rather an inherited term than an Arabism in view of the meaning difference.
Very likely derived from this nominal root are such diverse verbal or secondary deverbal forms as AMOR ʕḳb 'to watch, to protect' [CAAA 15]; UGR ʕḳb (basic stem) 'aceptar o efectuar un traspaso de propiedad, suceder, efectuar una permutua de bienes' [DLU 86], (intensive stem) 'poner trabas, insidias, oponerse' [DLU 86]; PHO ʕḳb 'continuation' [T 256]; SAB ʕḳb 'to act as military chief, deputy; fortress' [SD 17-18] (meaning shift from 'to protect, be a protector'); GEZ ʕaḳaba 'to guard, to watch, to keep safe' [LGz 66], TGR ʕaḳbä 'to guard, to keep' [LH 468], TNA ʕaḳḳäbä 'custodire' [Bass 686], AMH aḳḳabi 'custodian' [K 1185] (this and other derivatives may be loans from GEZ), HAR ēḳäba 'to wait, to expect' [LHar 30].
тигре:ʕanṣäbät, ʔanṣäbät 'sinew' [LH 475]; according to Munz. [ibid.], ʔanṣäbät 'nerf, corde'
мехри:ʔāṣbīt 'sinew, nerve' [JM 30]
джиббали:ʕaṣbɛ́t 'condition of having headaches' [JJ 16].
Looks like a late semantic development; note that in [JH 10] the same JIB word is quoted untranslated obviously implying the same meaning 'sinew, nerve' as in HRS
харсуси:ʔāṣebét do. [JH 10]
NOTES:Poorly attested; the MSA terms may be Arabisms. The TGR example, however, with -n- likely of a secondary origin, is hardly an ARB loan.
Note MOD HBR ʕāṣāb 'nerf' [BY 4 633] which seems not to be attested in early Jewish writings and may be a medieval Arabism
The meaning 'pupil' has been proposed for some Biblical contexts (see discussion [ibid.])
арабский:ʕafāʔ- 'tache blanche dans la prunelle de l'oeil' [BK 2 304]; ɣufāt- 'tache blanche qui survient à la pupille de l'oeil' [ibid. 486]
NOTES:Scarcely attested and semantically diverse; interpretation in EBL, UGR and HBR problematic.
Note a non-reduplicated stem and variation *ʕ/ɣ in ARB.
[DLU 84]: UGR, HBR, EBL; [KB 861]: HBR, UGR
NUMBER:2005
PROTO:*ʕap/baḳ-
MEANING:sores, scabies, leprosy
аккадский:epḳu 'leprosy' OB on [CAD e 246], [AHw 230]; also ep(e)ḳennu 'a skin disease' OB on [CAD e 246]; ep(e)ḳēnu, epḳennu 'eine Art Aussatz' [AHw 230]
арабский:ʕabāḳiyat- 'cicatrice à l'endroit le plus apparent de la figure' [BK 2 158].
амхарский:abäḳ 'fine crusts of epidermis (which falls off during scratching); white, itchy rash' [K 1197]; cf. also abbäḳä 'to be covered with whitish scales (one afflicted by leprosy or scurf)' [ibid.]
гураге:(?) ENN äb_äʔ, END äwäʔ 'inflation, furuncle' [LGur 6].
According to Leslau, from abäṭä (on ṭ:ʔ and ḳ:ʔ in ENN and END see [ibid. LXXI-LXXII])
NOTES:From *ʕaṗaḳ-? AKK -p- vs. ARB and ETH *-b- has to be explained either from *-ṗ- or by assimilation of *-b- devoiced in an immediate contact position with -ḳ; cf., however, AKK epeḳennu, epeḳēnu with no immediate contact of the hypothetic b and ḳ. Cf. *bahaḳ- .
[AHw 230]: AKK, GEZ; [LGz 54]: GEZ, ETH, ARB, AKK (connects with SEM forms from *bahaḳ-)
NUMBER:2006
PROTO:*ʕapal-
MEANING:haemorrhoids, thickening of tissue
еврейский (иврит):ʕōpäl 'a thickening of tissue, boil, haemorrhoids' [KB 861] (<*ʕupl-).
<*ʕapl- with *-u- <*-a- influenced by p ?.
Elsewhere in Qere replaced by ṭǝḥōrīm, whose meaning 'piles, haemorrhoids' is deduced from JUD ṭǝḥōrayyā [Ja 528]
арабский:ʕafl-, ʕafal- 'graisse, chairs grasses entre les cuisses de derrière chez l'espèce ovine ou bovine; raie du périnée qui passe sous le scrotum jusqu'à l'orifice de l'anus; l'entre-cuisse où l'on palpe une bête pour s'assurer si elle est grasse' [BK 2 302]; cf. ʕafalat- 'hernie chez les femmes ou les femelles' [ibid.]
NOTES:Reliably attested in HBR and ARB.
Vocalism very tentative.
AKK uplu translated as 'scab' in [Borger AOAT 1:6, 63] and compared to this root in [KB 861], is translated in [AHw 1423] as 'Kopflaus'.
Cf. CAN: MOAB ʕpl 'acropolis' traditionally interpreted as 'swelling of the earth' [HJ 879] and compared to HBR (above); the same meaning is possible in some HBR toponyms [KB 861].
Comparison by Leslau of SOQ ʕefelóti 'estomac' (dual) [LS 319] to ARB ʕafal- is hardly tenable.
арабский:ʕirḳ- 'veine (dans le corps des animaux et dans les végétaux)' [BK 2 229]
эпиграфические южноаравийские языки:SAB ʕrḳ 'neck muscle; collar-bone' [SD 19] (translated as 'sweating sickness (?)' in [Biella 385] and compared with ARB ʕaraḳ- 'sweat')
тигре:ʕäräḳ 'tendon, nerf' [LH 459]
харари:(?) ḥäräḳ 'arm above elbow' [LHar 86]ю
A tenable meaning shift from 'muscle'; on case of ḥ in place of ʕ in HAR see Introduction
восточноэфиопские:SEL WOL ZWY aräḳ 'arm above the elbow, front leg of cattle' [LGur 90]; an alternative explanation as a borrowing from CUSH see in [LGur 90] and [SIFKY 158-159]
сокотри:cf. ʕaroniḳ (and ʕaronik) 'mollet' [LS 328]; cf. also ʕárnig '(muscle de la) cuisse' [SSL LS 1453 apud Johnstone Mss]. If ʕaroniḳ is correct and preserves a primary form, it is likely related to the present root as a form with an inserted -n- and a shift of meaning from 'muscle' (cf. EAST ETH for a similar semantic development)
NOTES:MOD ETH and MSA -a- vs. ARB -i-.
Attested as an anatomic term only in the South Semitic area; the MSA examples may or may not be Arabisms.
Apparently related is ARM 'tie': JUD ʕarḳā 'strap, band' [Ja 1123], [Sok 421]; SYR ʕarḳǝtā 'fascia, vinculum, frenum' [Brock 550]; MND arḳa 'thong, tie' [DM 39].
Note SEM *ʕa/irḳ- 'root': ARB ʕirḳ- 'racine (d'un arbre)' [BK 2 229]; MHR ʔarḳ [JM 28], HRS ʔarḳ, ʔāreḳ [JH 10], JIB ʕarḳ [JJ 15]. One wonders whether this is an unrelated homonym, or cognate, or a result of contamination with the metathetic SEM *ʕi/aḳār- 'root; medicine' (compared in [Maizel 177]): HBR ʕḳr 'to tear out by roots, weed' [KB 874]; ARM: SYR ʕēḳārā 'radix; pharmacon' [Brock 543]; ARB ʕaḳḳār- 'simple, racine, plante aromatique employée comme médicament' [BK 2 316]; GEZ ʕaḳār 'drug, medicine', etc.
Cf. also SEM verbal root *ʕḳr: HBR ʕḳr (pi.) 'to cut (the sinews of an animal's legs), hamstring, lame' [KB 730]; ARB ʕḳr 'couper les jarrets à une bête' [BK 2 314], which may be regarded either as a variant root with metathesis or as an unrelated root originally meaning 'to cut' having acquired an additional meaning 'to hamstring' through contamination with *ʕarḳ- 'tendon, etc'
NUMBER:2008
PROTO:*ʕarḳūb-
MEANING:(Achilles') tendon
еврейский (иврит):PB ʕarḳūb 'hough, ham, the inner part of the knee, the inner angle of the joint which unites the thigh and the leg of an animal' [Ja 1223]
сирийский арамейский:ʕarḳūbā 'genu(?), calx, tendo Achillis' [Brock 551]
современные арамейские:MAL ʕarḳūba 'Name der Felsen oberhalb' (inbes. nordöstlich von Maʕlula) [Berg 6]
арабский:ʕurḳūb- 'tendon d'Achille; jarret; le tibia (chez certains oiseaux); coude' [BK 2 232]
мехри:ʔārḳayb d_ǝ-fām 'Achilles' tendon' [JM 28]
харсуси:ʔarḳáyb d_e-fām do. [JH 10]
NOTES:A complicated case of an apparently independent SEM root, likely influenced by both *ʕarḳ- 'tendon, etc.' (No. ) and *ʕaḳib- 'heel' (No. ).
Interestingly, MSA *ʕarḳīb (the forms quoted below plus JIB ʕarḳéb 'rat' [JJ 15]) means 'mouse, rat', so the combination *ʕarḳīb d_ǝ-fām literally means 'mouse/rat of foot'. However, though there are conspicuous examples of the semantic shift 'mouse' > 'muscle' (see [Maizel 196], [Walde-Hoffmann 2 132 "mūs"]), here we rather deal with a contamination of a common SEM anatomic term meaning 'Achilles' tendon' inherited by MSA with a phonetically similar SEM word for 'mouse' (to be reconstructed as *ʕak/ḳbar-) than with a direct shift of meaning (for detailed discussion see [Kogan-Militarev forthcoming]).
Note a variant root: ARM JUD ʕurḳāmā (ʕarḳūmā) 'knee; hough of an animal's hindleg' [Ja 1059].
[Brock 551]: SYR, ARB, HBR PB
NUMBER:2009
PROTO:*ʕVrray-(at-)
MEANING:intestines; excrement
аккадский:irrū (wirrū) 'intestines, gut' OB on [CAD i 181], erru 'Darm', pl. 'Eingeweide' [AHw 244]
арабский:ʕurrat- 'excrément humain, ou excrément des oiseaux' [BK 2 205]; ʕurr- 'excrément d'oiseau' [ibid.]
сокотри:ʕérieh 'intestin' [LS 327].
So in the notes, while ʔérieh in the text [ibid.]). Leslau also asks if ʕáre 'dévorer' can be a denominative of ʕérieh 'intestin' [ibid.] (for the semantic development cf. ENG 'to gut' in the meaning 'to devour, gorge'), which confirms that he means ʕ-, and not ʔ-, to be the first consonant of the SOQ noun
NOTES:Scarcely but reliably attested. Phonetic reconstruction tentative.
арабский:ʕuḍāḍ-, ʕaḍḍāḍ- 'le haut du nez, à l'endroit où les sourcils se séparent' [BK 2 277]; according to [Belot 501], the same two words mean 'os, cartilage'
мехри:ʔāẑáyẑ, pl. ʔāẑáwẑ 'bone' [JM 39]
джиббали:ʕíẑ_ɛ́ẑ_, pl. ʕɔ́ẑ_ɔ́ẑ_ 'bone' [JJ 21]; EAST JIB ʕáyẑǝ́ẑ do. [ibid.]
харсуси:ʔāẑāyẑ 'bone' [JH 14]; cf. also ʔaẑáyl do. [ibid.]
NOTES:Though ARB and MSA only, rather a common SEM root: the MSA words being main terms for 'bone' can hardly be loan-words from ARB, with its very specified meaning.
There is also SOQ ʕáẓ̂eẓ̂ meaning 'noyau (substance)', with a tenable semantic development (cf. RUS косточка 'stone in fruits', literally 'little bone') and 'force' [LS 323]; on a presumed semantic shift 'bone' > 'force' see Introduction.
Cf. ETH *ʕiṣ̂ṣ̂- or *ʕinṣ̂- 'lot, die (for playing dice)', possibly related (for the same meaning shift, cf. RUS кость meaning both 'bone' and 'playing die'): GEZ ʕǝḍā, ʕǝḍ [LGz 57] (compared by Leslau to ARB ʕiḍat- 'piece, portion', which he strangely relates to ARB ḥaẓẓ- 'fortune, luck', HBR ḥēṣ 'arrow' and UGR ḥẓ 'lucky'; the comparison by Fleisch to GEZ ʕǝḍ 'tree' is also quoted [ibid.]), TGR ʕǝṣ, pl. ʕaṣaṣ [LH 490], TNA ʕič̣č̣a, ʕǝṣa [Bass 712, 713]; AMH ǝṭa [K 1334], ARG ǝṭa [LGz 57]; EAST: HAR ḥǝṭa, ḥiṭa [LHar 88], SEL ǝnṭ, hǝnṭ (for HAR ḥ sporadically <*ʕ, cf. Introduction; on similar cases in SEL see [LGur LXIV]), WOL ǝnṭ, ZWY ǝṭa [ibid. 107]; GUR: CHA EZ̆A MUH äṭ, MSQ GOG SOD äṭa, END ǝṭä, ENN GYE ärṭ, MUH äṭwät, GOG ǝnč̣ä [LGur 107]. In Leslau's opinion, changed later (cf. [LGz 57]), all ETH forms are from E. CUSH: OROMO, SID, DARASA hiṭa.
Cf. *ʕaṣay- 'backbone' (No. ) and *ʕat_̣m-(at-) 'bone' (No. )
NUMBER:2012
PROTO:*ʕat_̣m-(at-)
PRNUM:PRNUM
MEANING:bone
аккадский:eṣemtu (eṣentu, eṣettu) OB on [CAD e 341], [AHw 251].
Note also a composed word eṣem/nṣēru 'backbone, spine' OB, SB, NA [CAD e 343], [AHw 251] < *eṣmu 'bone' + ṣēru 'back', see *t_̣Vhr- {} *č̣Vhr- (No. )
эблаитский:a-za-mu-um /ʕaẓmum/ [Kr 16; Bl E No. 6]
угаритский:ʕẓm [DLU 96]
финикийский:PHO ʕṣm [T 255]
еврейский (иврит):ʕäṣäm [KB 869]; note also ʕōṣäm 'bones' [ibid.]
иудейский арамейский:ʕăṭam (ʕiṭmā) [Ja 1063]; ʕṭm 'bone, flank; thigh of an animal' [Sok 401, 226].
Cf. ṭīmīn 'bones' (pl.) [Ja 532] and ṭamyā 'bone' [ibid. 539], both with a loss of ʕ-. Cf. also ʔaṭmā (ʔiṭmā) 'the solid part, flank' [Ja 43], probably the same root with ʔ instead of ʕ and a change of meaning
Difference in spelling may be purely orthographic or reflect an effort to convey t_̣ (for this and other similar cases cf. [Voigt 105-6])
тигре:ʕaṣǝm, ʕač̣ǝm [LH 491]
тиграй (тигринья):ʕaṣmi [Bass 713]
амхарский:aṭǝnt, aṣm, aṭm [K 1339]
гафат:aṣmʷä [LGaf 184]
харари:āṭ [LH 36]
восточноэфиопские:WOL ZWY aṭǝm [LGur 108]
гураге:CHA EZ̆A MUH MSQ GOG SOD aṭǝm, GYE aʔǝ̃m_, END aʔǝ̃w (the two latter forms, if related, show a very peculiar phonetic development; cf. [LGur LXXII]) [ibid. 108]
мехри:ʔād_̣ǝmēt 'back' [JM 14]
джиббали:ʕód_̣úm 'skin over wound, badly set bone' [JJ 8]
тиграй (тигринья):ʕaso 'febbre' [Bass 683], ʕassäwä 'essere malarico, di luogo paludoso ecc. che produca la febbre' [ibid. 684]
амхарский:ašo 'leper, one who has scurf of the sculp' (also 'knock-knee') [K 1178]
джиббали:ʕayɔ́s, EAST ʕɔs 'cold in the head' [JJ 20]
NOTES:The AKK variant form with h_- may also suggest *ɣ-. Cf. ARB ɣusās- 'certaine maladie des chameaux' [BK 2 466]. The ESA and JIB examples, however, clearly point to *ʕ-.
Cf. AMH ašo 'knock-knee; leper, one who has scurf of the sculp' [K 1178]
NOTES:Vocalism uncertain. Though reliably reconstructed on a CENTR SEM level with the quoted meaning, probably a semantic shift from 'child/baby' (of the eye), cf. AKK bābu 'child, baby' SynL [CAD b 27], [AHw 95] and ARB babb-, babbat- 'jeune garc̣on gros et gras' [BK 1 81] (on this semantic shift current in and outside SEM see Introduction, so also [DRS 40], [KB 106]).
Cf. ibītu SB (in LL equated to bubuʔtu) translated as 'thick matter' in [CAD i 4], but later recognized as a term denoting some festering boil [ibid. b 301] (in [AHw 363] translated as 'Eiter'); connected in both [CAD b 301] and [AHw 363] with ebû 'to be thick', which is not self-evident in the light of the comparative data. To be reconstructed as *ʔi-bVʕ-t-?
еврейский (иврит):ʔăbaʕbūʕōt 'blisters, ulcers' [KB 9] (hap., only in Ex 9:9); PB biʕbūăʕ 'protuberance' [Ja 180] (also 'casting bubbles, bulging')
иудейский арамейский:būʕā 'swelling, abscess, mostly applied to tubercles of the lungs' [Ja 147], būʕătā, būtā 'abscess' [ibid. 147], ʔăbaʕbūʕīn (pl.) 'blains, pustules' [ibid. 8]
сирийский арамейский:note ʔabbūbā 'fistula' [Brock 1]; likely related, with a dropped *-ʕ- (cf. JUD būtā, above)
геэз (древнеэфиопский):ʔǝnṗāṗṗe 'ulcers resulting from elephantiasis, pustules'
восточноэфиопские:SEL (h)umbobbo, WOL ǝmbʷäbbo 'blister' [LGur 43]
Cf. also CHA ambe 'malignant neck tumor' [ibid. 42]
NOTES:Note a widely spread stem *ʔV-bVʕ(bVʕ)-at- with a prefixed *ʔV- (in HBR, ARM and ETH); the primary stem is, however, the one without *ʔV- attested in AKK and ARM.
Note that the S. ETH forms, though thought by Leslau to be Cushitisms [LGur 43], can be reconstructed as *ǝmbabba <*ǝbbabba <*ʔV-baʕbaʕ and interpreted as SEM.
SYR baʕbūʕyātā (pl.) 'bullae' [Brock 82] compared (and wrongly transliterated as baʕbūyātā) in [KB 9] is hardly related; this SYR noun, together with the verb bʕbʕ (Etpa.) 'ebullivit', is to be compared to HBR PB biʕbēăʕ 'to cast bubbles' [Ja 180] and further to ARB baʕbaʕ- 'bruit que produit l'eau versée d'une bouteille' [BK 1 139].
[KB 9]: HBR, AKK, JUD, SYR (see above)
NUMBER:2018
PROTO:*badan-
MEANING:body; (corpse)
современные арамейские:MMND badan 'body' [M MND 494]
